Vitamin D deficiency and the consequences of intervention from preconception to infancy
Vitamin D: Before, during, and after Pregnancy
Effect on Neonates and Children
Abstract
A worldwide high prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency has become of growing concern because of potential adverse effects on human health, including pregnant women and their offspring.
Beyond its classical function as a regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism, together with its fundamental role in bone health at every stage of life, its deficiency has been associated with multiple adverse health effects. The classic effects of VD deficiency in pregnant and neonates have been late hypocalcemia and nutritional rickets.
Nevertheless, recent studies have linked VD to fertility and 25(OH)D with several clinical conditions in pregnancy: preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, higher incidence of cesarean section, and preterm birth, while in infants, the clinical conditions are low birth weight, lower bone mass and possible relationship with the development of such diseases as bronchiolitis, asthma, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and autism included as VD non-classical actions.
The supplementation with Vitamin D and achievement of optimal levels reduce maternal-fetal and newborn complications. Supplementation in children with VD deficiency reduces the risk of respiratory infections and possibly autoimmune diseases and autism.
This review emphasizes the roles of Vitamin D deficiency and the consequences of intervention from preconception to infancy.